Q9R0R3 · APEL_RAT
- ProteinApelin
- GeneApln
- StatusUniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)
- Organism
- Amino acids
- Protein existenceEvidence at protein level
- Annotation score5/5
Function
function
Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR) (PubMed:11336787, PubMed:11359874, PubMed:26611206).
Drives internalization of the apelin receptor (PubMed:11359874).
Apelin-36 dissociates more hardly than (pyroglu)apelin-13 from APLNR (PubMed:11336787).
Hormone involved in the regulation of cardiac precursor cell movements during gastrulation and heart morphogenesis (By similarity).
Has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production in response to T-cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking; the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and the milk might therefore modulate immune responses in neonates (By similarity).
Plays a role in early coronary blood vessels formation (By similarity).
Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (PubMed:26611206).
May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing vasopressin release and drinking behavior (PubMed:10617103, PubMed:11359874).
Drives internalization of the apelin receptor (PubMed:11359874).
Apelin-36 dissociates more hardly than (pyroglu)apelin-13 from APLNR (PubMed:11336787).
Hormone involved in the regulation of cardiac precursor cell movements during gastrulation and heart morphogenesis (By similarity).
Has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production in response to T-cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking; the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and the milk might therefore modulate immune responses in neonates (By similarity).
Plays a role in early coronary blood vessels formation (By similarity).
Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (PubMed:26611206).
May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing vasopressin release and drinking behavior (PubMed:10617103, PubMed:11359874).
GO annotations
all annotations | all molecular function | virus receptor activity | dna binding | rna binding | cytoskeletal motor activity | catalytic activity | gtpase activity | structural molecule activity | transporter activity | cytoskeletal protein binding | lipid binding | cyclase activity | antioxidant activity | oxidoreductase activity | transferase activity | hydrolase activity | lyase activity | isomerase activity | ligase activity | protein tag activity | cargo receptor activity | histone binding | protein folding chaperone | translation regulator activity | nutrient reservoir activity | receptor ligand activity | molecular transducer activity | molecular adaptor activity | toxin activity | cell adhesion mediator activity | molecular function regulator activity | virus coreceptor activity | catalytic activity, acting on a protein | catalytic activity, acting on dna | catalytic activity, acting on rna | molecular carrier activity | transcription regulator activity | general transcription initiation factor activity | molecular sensor activity | molecular sequestering activity | atp-dependent activity | other molecular function | all biological process | mitotic cell cycle | cytokinesis | cytoplasmic translation | immune system process | muscle system process | circulatory system process | renal system process | respiratory system process | carbohydrate metabolic process | generation of precursor metabolites and energy | dna replication | dna repair | dna recombination | chromatin organization | dna-templated transcription | regulation of dna-templated transcription | trna metabolic process | protein folding | protein glycosylation | amino acid metabolic process | modified amino acid metabolic process | lipid metabolic process | vitamin metabolic process | sulfur compound metabolic process | intracellular protein transport | nucleocytoplasmic transport | autophagy | inflammatory response | mitochondrion organization | cytoskeleton organization | microtubule-based movement | peroxisome organization | lysosome organization | chromosome segregation | cell adhesion | establishment or maintenance of cell polarity | programmed cell death | photosynthesis | mrna metabolic process | snrna metabolic process | vesicle-mediated transport | reproductive process | digestive system process | signaling | cell differentiation | protein catabolic process | extracellular matrix organization | regulatory ncrna-mediated gene silencing | telomere organization | cell junction organization | wound healing | ribosome biogenesis | cilium organization | anatomical structure development | cell motility | nervous system process | endocrine process | protein maturation | transmembrane transport | nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process | hepaticobiliary system process | membrane organization | protein-containing complex assembly | cell wall organization or biogenesis | nitrogen cycle metabolic process | protein localization to plasma membrane | defense response to other organism | detoxification | meiotic nuclear division | mitotic nuclear division | mitochondrial gene expression | carbohydrate derivative metabolic process | other biological process | all cellular component | nuclear chromosome | extracellular region | extracellular space | cell wall | nucleus | nuclear envelope | nucleoplasm | chromosome | nucleolus | mitochondrion | lysosome | endosome | vacuole | peroxisome | endoplasmic reticulum | golgi apparatus | lipid droplet | microtubule organizing center | cytosol | ribosome | cytoskeleton | plasma membrane | cilium | plastid | thylakoid | external encapsulating structure | extracellular matrix | cytoplasmic vesicle | organelle | other cellular component | |||
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Keywords
- Molecular function
- Biological process
Enzyme and pathway databases
Names & Taxonomy
Protein names
- Recommended nameApelin
- Alternative names
- Cleaved into 4 chains
Gene names
Organism names
- Organism
- Taxonomic lineageEukaryota > Metazoa > Chordata > Craniata > Vertebrata > Euteleostomi > Mammalia > Eutheria > Euarchontoglires > Glires > Rodentia > Myomorpha > Muroidea > Muridae > Murinae > Rattus
Accessions
- Primary accessionQ9R0R3
Proteomes
Organism-specific databases
Subcellular Location
UniProt Annotation
GO Annotation
Note: Abundantly secreted in the colostrum (By similarity).
Lower level in milk (PubMed:10525157).
Decreases rapidly within several days after parturition in milk, but is still detectable even in commercial milk (By similarity).
Lower level in milk (PubMed:10525157).
Decreases rapidly within several days after parturition in milk, but is still detectable even in commercial milk (By similarity).
Keywords
- Cellular component
PTM/Processing
Features
Showing features for signal, propeptide, peptide.
Type | ID | Position(s) | Description | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Signal | 1-22 | |||||
Sequence: MNLSFCVQALLLLWLSLTAVCG | ||||||
Propeptide | PRO_0000001769 | 23-41 | ||||
Sequence: VPLMLPPDGKGLEEGNMRY | ||||||
Peptide | PRO_0000001770 | 42-77 | Apelin-36 | |||
Sequence: LVKPRTSRTGPGAWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF | ||||||
Peptide | PRO_0000001771 | 47-77 | Apelin-31 | |||
Sequence: TSRTGPGAWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF | ||||||
Peptide | PRO_0000001772 | 50-77 | Apelin-28 | |||
Sequence: TGPGAWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF | ||||||
Peptide | PRO_0000001773 | 65-77 | Apelin-13 | |||
Sequence: QRPRLSHKGPMPF |
Post-translational modification
Several active peptides may be produced by proteolytic processing of the peptide precursor.
Keywords
- PTM
Proteomic databases
Expression
Tissue specificity
Expressed in the lung, testis, ovary, uterus and mammary gland (PubMed:11336787).
Expressed in neurons in the thalamic paraventricular and hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei (PubMed:11359874).
The lung, testis and uterus mainly contain a large form that looks like apelin-36, whereas the mammary gland seems to contain 2 forms of apelin, a large form close to apelin-36 and a small form close to apelin-13 (at protein level) (PubMed:11336787).
Widely expressed in the adult, with highest levels in the mammary gland of lactating animals, very high levels in the lung, intermediate levels in the spinal cord, ovary, adipose tissue, brain (neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei), heart and testis, and lowest levels in the pituitary gland, kidney, stomach, uterus and pancreas (PubMed:10525157, PubMed:10617103, PubMed:11336787).
Expressed in neurons in the thalamic paraventricular and hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei (PubMed:11359874).
The lung, testis and uterus mainly contain a large form that looks like apelin-36, whereas the mammary gland seems to contain 2 forms of apelin, a large form close to apelin-36 and a small form close to apelin-13 (at protein level) (PubMed:11336787).
Widely expressed in the adult, with highest levels in the mammary gland of lactating animals, very high levels in the lung, intermediate levels in the spinal cord, ovary, adipose tissue, brain (neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei), heart and testis, and lowest levels in the pituitary gland, kidney, stomach, uterus and pancreas (PubMed:10525157, PubMed:10617103, PubMed:11336787).
Induction
During pregnancy and lactation (PubMed:10525157).
Developmental stage
Highly expressed in neonatal tissues. In the adult, reaches a maximal level around parturition.
Gene expression databases
Structure
Family & Domains
Features
Showing features for region.
Type | ID | Position(s) | Description | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | 45-77 | Disordered | ||||
Sequence: PRTSRTGPGAWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF |
Sequence similarities
Belongs to the apelin family.
Keywords
- Domain
Phylogenomic databases
Family and domain databases
Sequence
- Sequence statusComplete
- Sequence processingThe displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
- Length77
- Mass (Da)8,677
- Last updated2000-05-01 v1
- Checksum944D52154F824EC4
Keywords
- Technical term
Sequence databases
Nucleotide Sequence | Protein Sequence | Molecule Type | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|
AB023495 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | BAA84977.1 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | mRNA | ||
AF179679 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | AAF25814.1 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | mRNA | ||
BC080843 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | AAH80843.1 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | mRNA |