Q9R0R3 · APEL_RAT

Function

function

Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR) (PubMed:11336787, PubMed:11359874, PubMed:26611206).
Drives internalization of the apelin receptor (PubMed:11359874).
Apelin-36 dissociates more hardly than (pyroglu)apelin-13 from APLNR (PubMed:11336787).
Hormone involved in the regulation of cardiac precursor cell movements during gastrulation and heart morphogenesis (By similarity).
Has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production in response to T-cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking; the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and the milk might therefore modulate immune responses in neonates (By similarity).
Plays a role in early coronary blood vessels formation (By similarity).
Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (PubMed:26611206).
May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing vasopressin release and drinking behavior (PubMed:10617103, PubMed:11359874).

GO annotations

all annotationsall molecular functionvirus receptor activitydna bindingrna bindingcytoskeletal motor activitycatalytic activitygtpase activitystructural molecule activitytransporter activitycytoskeletal protein bindinglipid bindingcyclase activityantioxidant activityoxidoreductase activitytransferase activityhydrolase activitylyase activityisomerase activityligase activityprotein tag activitycargo receptor activityhistone bindingprotein folding chaperonetranslation regulator activitynutrient reservoir activityreceptor ligand activitymolecular transducer activitymolecular adaptor activitytoxin activitycell adhesion mediator activitymolecular function regulator activityvirus coreceptor activitycatalytic activity, acting on a proteincatalytic activity, acting on dnacatalytic activity, acting on rnamolecular carrier activitytranscription regulator activitygeneral transcription initiation factor activitymolecular sensor activitymolecular sequestering activityatp-dependent activityother molecular functionall biological processmitotic cell cyclecytokinesiscytoplasmic translationimmune system processmuscle system processcirculatory system processrenal system processrespiratory system processcarbohydrate metabolic processgeneration of precursor metabolites and energydna replicationdna repairdna recombinationchromatin organizationdna-templated transcriptionregulation of dna-templated transcriptiontrna metabolic processprotein foldingprotein glycosylationamino acid metabolic processmodified amino acid metabolic processlipid metabolic processvitamin metabolic processsulfur compound metabolic processintracellular protein transportnucleocytoplasmic transportautophagyinflammatory responsemitochondrion organizationcytoskeleton organizationmicrotubule-based movementperoxisome organizationlysosome organizationchromosome segregationcell adhesionestablishment or maintenance of cell polarityprogrammed cell deathphotosynthesismrna metabolic processsnrna metabolic processvesicle-mediated transportreproductive processdigestive system processsignalingcell differentiationprotein catabolic processextracellular matrix organizationregulatory ncrna-mediated gene silencingtelomere organizationcell junction organizationwound healingribosome biogenesiscilium organizationanatomical structure developmentcell motilitynervous system processendocrine processprotein maturationtransmembrane transportnucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic processhepaticobiliary system processmembrane organizationprotein-containing complex assemblycell wall organization or biogenesisnitrogen cycle metabolic processprotein localization to plasma membranedefense response to other organismdetoxificationmeiotic nuclear divisionmitotic nuclear divisionmitochondrial gene expressioncarbohydrate derivative metabolic processother biological processall cellular componentnuclear chromosomeextracellular regionextracellular spacecell wallnucleusnuclear envelopenucleoplasmchromosomenucleolusmitochondrionlysosomeendosomevacuoleperoxisomeendoplasmic reticulumgolgi apparatuslipid dropletmicrotubule organizing centercytosolribosomecytoskeletonplasma membraneciliumplastidthylakoidexternal encapsulating structureextracellular matrixcytoplasmic vesicleorganelleother cellular component
Cell color indicative of number of GO terms
AspectTerm
Cellular Componentextracellular region
Cellular Componentextracellular space
Cellular Componentperinuclear region of cytoplasm
Molecular Functionapelin receptor binding
Molecular Functionhormone activity
Molecular Functionidentical protein binding
Biological Processangiogenesis
Biological Processapelin receptor signaling pathway
Biological Processcoronary vasculature development
Biological Processdrinking behavior
Biological Processfeeding behavior
Biological Processgastrulation
Biological Processnegative regulation of blood pressure
Biological Processnegative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Biological Processnegative regulation of gene expression
Biological Processnegative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
Biological Processnegative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation
Biological Processnegative regulation of vasoconstriction
Biological Processpositive regulation of cell population proliferation
Biological Processpositive regulation of corticotropin secretion
Biological Processpositive regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion
Biological Processpositive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization
Biological Processpositive regulation of heart contraction
Biological Processpositive regulation of heart rate
Biological Processpositive regulation of heat generation
Biological Processpositive regulation of miRNA transcription
Biological Processpositive regulation of phosphorylation
Biological Processpositive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
Biological Processregulation of body fluid levels
Biological Processregulation of the force of heart contraction

Keywords

Enzyme and pathway databases

Names & Taxonomy

Protein names

Gene names

    • Name
      Apln
    • Synonyms
      Apel

Organism names

  • Taxonomic identifier
  • Taxonomic lineage
    Eukaryota > Metazoa > Chordata > Craniata > Vertebrata > Euteleostomi > Mammalia > Eutheria > Euarchontoglires > Glires > Rodentia > Myomorpha > Muroidea > Muridae > Murinae > Rattus

Accessions

  • Primary accession
    Q9R0R3

Proteomes

Organism-specific databases

Subcellular Location

Secreted
Note: Abundantly secreted in the colostrum (By similarity).
Lower level in milk (PubMed:10525157).
Decreases rapidly within several days after parturition in milk, but is still detectable even in commercial milk (By similarity).

Keywords

PTM/Processing

Features

Showing features for signal, propeptide, peptide.

TypeIDPosition(s)Description
Signal1-22
PropeptidePRO_000000176923-41
PeptidePRO_000000177042-77Apelin-36
PeptidePRO_000000177147-77Apelin-31
PeptidePRO_000000177250-77Apelin-28
PeptidePRO_000000177365-77Apelin-13

Post-translational modification

Several active peptides may be produced by proteolytic processing of the peptide precursor.

Keywords

Proteomic databases

Expression

Tissue specificity

Expressed in the lung, testis, ovary, uterus and mammary gland (PubMed:11336787).
Expressed in neurons in the thalamic paraventricular and hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei (PubMed:11359874).
The lung, testis and uterus mainly contain a large form that looks like apelin-36, whereas the mammary gland seems to contain 2 forms of apelin, a large form close to apelin-36 and a small form close to apelin-13 (at protein level) (PubMed:11336787).
Widely expressed in the adult, with highest levels in the mammary gland of lactating animals, very high levels in the lung, intermediate levels in the spinal cord, ovary, adipose tissue, brain (neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei), heart and testis, and lowest levels in the pituitary gland, kidney, stomach, uterus and pancreas (PubMed:10525157, PubMed:10617103, PubMed:11336787).

Induction

During pregnancy and lactation (PubMed:10525157).

Developmental stage

Highly expressed in neonatal tissues. In the adult, reaches a maximal level around parturition.

Gene expression databases

Interaction

Protein-protein interaction databases

Chemistry

Family & Domains

Features

Showing features for region.

TypeIDPosition(s)Description
Region45-77Disordered

Sequence similarities

Belongs to the apelin family.

Keywords

Phylogenomic databases

Family and domain databases

Sequence

  • Sequence status
    Complete
  • Sequence processing
    The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form.
  • Length
    77
  • Mass (Da)
    8,677
  • Last updated
    2000-05-01 v1
  • Checksum
    944D52154F824EC4
MNLSFCVQALLLLWLSLTAVCGVPLMLPPDGKGLEEGNMRYLVKPRTSRTGPGAWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF

Keywords

Sequence databases

Nucleotide SequenceProtein SequenceMolecule TypeStatus
AB023495
EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ
BAA84977.1
EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ
mRNA
AF179679
EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ
AAF25814.1
EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ
mRNA
BC080843
EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ
AAH80843.1
EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ
mRNA

Genome annotation databases

Similar Proteins

Disclaimer

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