O41776 · O41776_9HIV1

Function

function

During virus entry, plays a role in the transport of the viral pre-integration (PIC) complex to the host nucleus. This function is crucial for viral infection of non-dividing macrophages. May act directly at the nuclear pore complex, by binding nucleoporins phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-repeat regions.
During virus replication, may deplete host UNG protein, and incude G2-M cell cycle arrest. Acts by targeting specific host proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome, through association with the cellular CUL4A-DDB1 E3 ligase complex by direct interaction with host VPRPB/DCAF-1. Cell cycle arrest reportedly occurs within hours of infection and is not blocked by antiviral agents, suggesting that it is initiated by the VPR carried into the virion. Additionally, VPR induces apoptosis in a cell cycle dependent manner suggesting that these two effects are mechanistically linked. Detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patient, VPR may also induce cell death to bystander cells.

Miscellaneous

HIV-1 lineages are divided in three main groups, M (for Major), O (for Outlier), and N (for New, or Non-M, Non-O). The vast majority of strains found worldwide belong to the group M. Group O seems to be endemic to and largely confined to Cameroon and neighboring countries in West Central Africa, where these viruses represent a small minority of HIV-1 strains. The group N is represented by a limited number of isolates from Cameroonian persons. The group M is further subdivided in 9 clades or subtypes (A to D, F to H, J and K).

GO annotations

AspectTerm
Cellular Componenthost cell
Cellular Componenthost cell nucleus
Cellular Componenthost extracellular space
Cellular Componentvirion component
Biological Processapoptotic process
Biological ProcessDNA-templated transcription
Biological Processmonoatomic ion transmembrane transport
Biological Processprotein homooligomerization
Biological Processregulation of DNA-templated transcription
Biological Processsymbiont entry into host cell
Biological Processsymbiont-mediated activation of host apoptosis
Biological Processsymbiont-mediated arrest of host cell cycle during G2/M transition
Biological Processviral penetration into host nucleus

Keywords

Names & Taxonomy

Protein names

  • Recommended name
    Protein Vpr
  • Alternative names
    • R ORF protein
    • Viral protein R

Gene names

    • Name
      vpr

Organism names

Accessions

  • Primary accession
    O41776

Proteomes

Subcellular Location

Virion
Host nucleus
Host extracellular space
Note: Incorporation into virion is dependent on p6 GAG sequences. Lacks a canonical nuclear localization signal, thus import into nucleus may function independently of the human importin pathway. Detected in high quantity in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patient.

Keywords

PTM/Processing

Post-translational modification

Phosphorylated on several residues by host. These phosphorylations regulate VPR activity for the nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex.

Keywords

Interaction

Subunit

Homooligomer, may form homodimer. Interacts with p6-gag region of the Pr55 Gag precursor protein through a (Leu-X-X)4 motif near the C-terminus of the P6gag protein. Interacts with host UNG. May interact with host RAD23A/HHR23A. Interacts with host VPRBP/DCAF1, leading to hijack the CUL4A-RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1/VPRBP complex, mediating ubiquitination of host proteins such as TERT and ZGPAT and arrest of the cell cycle in G2 phase.

Family & Domains

Features

Showing features for region.

TypeIDPosition(s)Description
Region1-42Homooligomerization

Sequence similarities

Belongs to the HIV-1 VPR protein family.

Family and domain databases

Sequence

  • Sequence status
    Complete
  • Length
    96
  • Mass (Da)
    11,456
  • Last updated
    1998-01-01 v1
  • Checksum
    4B34BBD52F17A031
MEQAPEDQGPQREPYNEWTLELLEALKQEAVRHFPRPWLHDLGQYIYETYGDTWRGVEAIIRILQQLLFIHFRIGCRHSRIGILQQRRARNGASRS

Sequence databases

Nucleotide SequenceProtein SequenceMolecule TypeStatus
U88823
EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ
AAC63086.1
EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ
Genomic DNA

Similar Proteins

Disclaimer

Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care. Our staff consists of biologists and biochemists that are not trained to give medical advice.
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