O14434 · ARP1_ASPFU
- ProteinScytalone dehydratase arp1
- Genearp1
- StatusUniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)
- Amino acids168 (go to sequence)
- Protein existenceEvidence at transcript level
- Annotation score5/5
Function
function
Scytalone dehydratase; part of the gene cluster that mediates the biosynthesis of dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin, a bluish-green pigment and a structural component of the conidial wall (PubMed:10515939, PubMed:19156203).
The first step of the pathway is the production of the heptaketide naphtopyrone YWA1 by the polyketide synthase alb1 though condensation of acetyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA (PubMed:10515939).
The naphtopyrone YWA1 is then converted to the pentaketide 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN) by the heptaketide hydrolyase ayg1 though chain-length shortening (PubMed:10515939).
1,3,6,8-THN is substrate of the hydroxynaphthalene reductase arp2 to yield scytalone (PubMed:10515939).
The scytalone dehydratase arp1 then reduces scytalone to 1,3,8-THN (PubMed:10515939).
1,3,8-THN is also substrate of the hydroxynaphthalene reductase arp2 to yield vermelone (PubMed:10515939).
Vermelone is further converted by the multicopper oxidase abr1 to 1,8-DHN (PubMed:10515939).
Finally the laccase abr2 transforms 1,8-DHN to DHN-melanin (PubMed:10515939).
DHN-melanin biosynthesis appears to be initiated in endosomes where early enzymes (abl1, ayg1, arp1 and arp2) localize, with exocytosis leading to melanin deposition on the cell surface where late enzymes (abr1 and abr2) localize (PubMed:26972005).
DHN-melanin is an important structural component of the outer cell wall and is required for the presence of conidial surface hydrophobins (PubMed:19703288).
DHN-melanin also plays a crucial role in fungal virulence, including a protective role against the host's immune defenses (PubMed:19156203, PubMed:20145078, PubMed:21573171, PubMed:21747802, PubMed:24818666).
DHN-melanin protects also conidia against amoeba predation (PubMed:25684622).
The first step of the pathway is the production of the heptaketide naphtopyrone YWA1 by the polyketide synthase alb1 though condensation of acetyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA (PubMed:10515939).
The naphtopyrone YWA1 is then converted to the pentaketide 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN) by the heptaketide hydrolyase ayg1 though chain-length shortening (PubMed:10515939).
1,3,6,8-THN is substrate of the hydroxynaphthalene reductase arp2 to yield scytalone (PubMed:10515939).
The scytalone dehydratase arp1 then reduces scytalone to 1,3,8-THN (PubMed:10515939).
1,3,8-THN is also substrate of the hydroxynaphthalene reductase arp2 to yield vermelone (PubMed:10515939).
Vermelone is further converted by the multicopper oxidase abr1 to 1,8-DHN (PubMed:10515939).
Finally the laccase abr2 transforms 1,8-DHN to DHN-melanin (PubMed:10515939).
DHN-melanin biosynthesis appears to be initiated in endosomes where early enzymes (abl1, ayg1, arp1 and arp2) localize, with exocytosis leading to melanin deposition on the cell surface where late enzymes (abr1 and abr2) localize (PubMed:26972005).
DHN-melanin is an important structural component of the outer cell wall and is required for the presence of conidial surface hydrophobins (PubMed:19703288).
DHN-melanin also plays a crucial role in fungal virulence, including a protective role against the host's immune defenses (PubMed:19156203, PubMed:20145078, PubMed:21573171, PubMed:21747802, PubMed:24818666).
DHN-melanin protects also conidia against amoeba predation (PubMed:25684622).
Catalytic activity
- scytalone = 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene + H2O
Activity regulation
Fenoxanil inhibits arp1 scytalone dehydratase activity (PubMed:19703288).
Pathway
Pigment biosynthesis; melanin biosynthesis.
Features
Showing features for binding site, active site.
Type | ID | Position(s) | Description | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Binding site | 29 | substrate | ||||
Sequence: Y | ||||||
Binding site | 49 | substrate | ||||
Sequence: Y | ||||||
Active site | 84 | |||||
Sequence: H | ||||||
Active site | 109 | |||||
Sequence: H | ||||||
Binding site | 130 | substrate | ||||
Sequence: N |
GO annotations
Aspect | Term | |
---|---|---|
Cellular Component | endosome | |
Molecular Function | scytalone dehydratase activity | |
Biological Process | conidium formation | |
Biological Process | melanin biosynthetic process | |
Biological Process | pigment biosynthetic process | |
Biological Process | sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore |
Keywords
- Molecular function
- Biological process
Enzyme and pathway databases
Names & Taxonomy
Protein names
- Recommended nameScytalone dehydratase arp1
- EC number
- Alternative names
Gene names
Organism names
- Strains
- Taxonomic lineageEukaryota > Fungi > Dikarya > Ascomycota > Pezizomycotina > Eurotiomycetes > Eurotiomycetidae > Eurotiales > Aspergillaceae > Aspergillus > Aspergillus subgen. Fumigati
Accessions
- Primary accessionO14434
- Secondary accessions
Proteomes
Organism-specific databases
Subcellular Location
Phenotypes & Variants
Disruption phenotype
Impairs the production of dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin and results in reddish-pink conidial phenotype (PubMed:26972005, PubMed:9383199).
Up-regulates complement component C3 deposition on conidial surfaces (PubMed:9383199).
Causes enhanced insect mortality compared to the parent strain in a wax moth Galleria mellonella infection model, probably through exacerbated immune response of the wax moth (PubMed:19156203).
Up-regulates complement component C3 deposition on conidial surfaces (PubMed:9383199).
Causes enhanced insect mortality compared to the parent strain in a wax moth Galleria mellonella infection model, probably through exacerbated immune response of the wax moth (PubMed:19156203).
PTM/Processing
Features
Showing features for chain.
Type | ID | Position(s) | Description | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chain | PRO_0000097637 | 1-168 | Scytalone dehydratase arp1 | |||
Sequence: MVEKKPNLTLEFHDYLALKKVLFDWADSYDAKDWDRLRSIIAPTLTVDYRQIGLRKWDDMPAEDYMAMISDMDFLGDPTVKTQHLLGESWWEKISDTEVIGHHQLRAAHQVYTDSTLQTVKLKGHGHATNEHYYRKVDGVWKFAGLKPTVRWNEYQFEDVFRAAKPSV |
Expression
Developmental stage
Expressed during conidiation.
Interaction
Subunit
Homotrimer (By similarity).
Each subunit contains an active site, located in the central part of the hydrophobic core of the monomer, which functions independently (By similarity).
Each subunit contains an active site, located in the central part of the hydrophobic core of the monomer, which functions independently (By similarity).
Protein-protein interaction databases
Structure
Sequence
- Sequence statusComplete
- Length168
- Mass (Da)19,716
- Last updated1998-01-01 v1
- ChecksumF40C22CEB6D02695
Keywords
- Technical term
Sequence databases
Nucleotide Sequence | Protein Sequence | Molecule Type | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|
U95042 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | AAC49843.1 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | Genomic DNA | ||
AAHF01000001 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | EAL94055.1 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | Genomic DNA |