D7UPN2 · ACTS2_ALTAL
- ProteinTrans-enoyl reductase ACTTS2
- GeneACTTS2
- StatusUniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)
- Amino acids343 (go to sequence)
- Protein existenceInferred from homology
- Annotation score3/5
Function
function
Trans-enoyl reductase; part of the gene clusters that mediate the biosynthesis of the host-selective toxins (HSTs) ACT-toxins responsible for brown spot of tangerine disease by the tangerine pathotype which affects tangerines and mandarins (PubMed:19271978).
ACT-toxins consist of three moieties, 9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-decatrienoic acid (EDA), valine and a polyketide (PubMed:22846083).
ACT-toxin I is toxic to both citrus and pear; toxin II the 5''-deoxy derivative of ACT-toxin I, is highly toxic to pear and slightly toxic to citrus (PubMed:22846083).
On cellular level, ACT-toxins affect plasma membrane of susceptible cells and cause a sudden increase in loss of K+ after a few minutes of toxin treatment (PubMed:22846083).
The acyl-CoA ligase ACTT1, the hydrolase ACTT2, the enoyl-CoA hydratases ACTT3 and ACTT6, and the acyl-CoA synthetase ACTT5 are all involved in the biosynthesis of the AK-, AF- and ACT-toxin common 9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-decatrienoic acid (EDA) structural moiety (PubMed:18944496, PubMed:18986255, PubMed:19271978).
The exact role of each enzyme, and of additional enzymes identified within the AF-toxin clusters have still to be determined (PubMed:18944496, PubMed:18986255, PubMed:19271978).
On the other hand, ACTTS1 to ACTTS4 are specific to the tangerine pathotype (PubMed:22846083).
The function of ACTTS3 is to elongate the polyketide chain portion of ACT-toxin that is unique to this toxin (PubMed:20192828).
The enoyl-reductase ACTTS2 might complement the missing enoyl-reductase (ER) domain in ACTTS3 in the synthesis of the polyketide portion of ACT-toxin (PubMed:20055645).
The roles of the nonribosomal peptide synthetases-related proteins ACTTS1 and ACTTS4 have also still not been elucidated (PubMed:22846083).
ACT-toxins consist of three moieties, 9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-decatrienoic acid (EDA), valine and a polyketide (PubMed:22846083).
ACT-toxin I is toxic to both citrus and pear; toxin II the 5''-deoxy derivative of ACT-toxin I, is highly toxic to pear and slightly toxic to citrus (PubMed:22846083).
On cellular level, ACT-toxins affect plasma membrane of susceptible cells and cause a sudden increase in loss of K+ after a few minutes of toxin treatment (PubMed:22846083).
The acyl-CoA ligase ACTT1, the hydrolase ACTT2, the enoyl-CoA hydratases ACTT3 and ACTT6, and the acyl-CoA synthetase ACTT5 are all involved in the biosynthesis of the AK-, AF- and ACT-toxin common 9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-decatrienoic acid (EDA) structural moiety (PubMed:18944496, PubMed:18986255, PubMed:19271978).
The exact role of each enzyme, and of additional enzymes identified within the AF-toxin clusters have still to be determined (PubMed:18944496, PubMed:18986255, PubMed:19271978).
On the other hand, ACTTS1 to ACTTS4 are specific to the tangerine pathotype (PubMed:22846083).
The function of ACTTS3 is to elongate the polyketide chain portion of ACT-toxin that is unique to this toxin (PubMed:20192828).
The enoyl-reductase ACTTS2 might complement the missing enoyl-reductase (ER) domain in ACTTS3 in the synthesis of the polyketide portion of ACT-toxin (PubMed:20055645).
The roles of the nonribosomal peptide synthetases-related proteins ACTTS1 and ACTTS4 have also still not been elucidated (PubMed:22846083).
Miscellaneous
Gene clusters encoding host-selective toxins (HSTs) are localized on conditionally dispensable chromosomes (CDCs), also called supernumerary chromosomes, where they are present in multiple copies (PubMed:18986255).
The CDCs are not essential for saprophytic growth but controls host-selective pathogenicity (PubMed:18986255).
Although conventional disruption of ACTT2 could not be accomplished due to the high number of the copies identified in the genome, the high sequence identity among these copies of ACTT2 is likely an advantage for RNA silencing, because it allows knockdown of all copies of this gene simultaneously (PubMed:18986255).
The CDCs are not essential for saprophytic growth but controls host-selective pathogenicity (PubMed:18986255).
Although conventional disruption of ACTT2 could not be accomplished due to the high number of the copies identified in the genome, the high sequence identity among these copies of ACTT2 is likely an advantage for RNA silencing, because it allows knockdown of all copies of this gene simultaneously (PubMed:18986255).
Pathway
Mycotoxin biosynthesis.
Features
Showing features for binding site.
Type | ID | Position(s) | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Binding site | 42-45 | NADP+ (UniProtKB | ChEBI) | |||
Binding site | 128-135 | substrate | |||
Binding site | 162-165 | NADP+ (UniProtKB | ChEBI) | |||
Binding site | 185-188 | NADP+ (UniProtKB | ChEBI) | |||
Binding site | 203 | NADP+ (UniProtKB | ChEBI) | |||
Binding site | 268-272 | substrate | |||
Binding site | 333-334 | NADP+ (UniProtKB | ChEBI) | |||
GO annotations
Aspect | Term | |
---|---|---|
Molecular Function | nucleotide binding | |
Molecular Function | oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H |
Keywords
- Molecular function
- Ligand
Enzyme and pathway databases
Names & Taxonomy
Protein names
- Recommended nameTrans-enoyl reductase ACTTS2
- EC number
- Alternative names
Gene names
Organism names
- Strain
- Taxonomic lineageEukaryota > Fungi > Dikarya > Ascomycota > Pezizomycotina > Dothideomycetes > Pleosporomycetidae > Pleosporales > Pleosporineae > Pleosporaceae > Alternaria > Alternaria sect. Alternaria > Alternaria alternata complex
Accessions
- Primary accessionD7UPN2
Organism-specific databases
Phenotypes & Variants
Disruption phenotype
Targeted gene disruption leasd to a reduction in ACT-toxin production and pathogenicity, and transcriptional knockdown of ACTTS2 using RNA silencing results in complete loss of ACT-toxin production and pathogenicity (PubMed:20055645).
Does not affect growth rate, spore formation, and spore germination (PubMed:20055645).
Does not affect growth rate, spore formation, and spore germination (PubMed:20055645).
PTM/Processing
Features
Showing features for chain.
Type | ID | Position(s) | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chain | PRO_0000444864 | 1-343 | Trans-enoyl reductase ACTTS2 | ||
Interaction
Subunit
Monomer.
Structure
Sequence
- Sequence statusComplete
- Length343
- Mass (Da)36,508
- Last updated2010-10-05 v1
- MD5 Checksum92D1B6940C3D6D3DC654B8D595B34442
Sequence databases
Nucleotide Sequence | Protein Sequence | Molecule Type | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|
AB510353 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | BAJ09790.1 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | Genomic DNA | ||
AB516322 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | BAJ14523.1 EMBL· GenBank· DDBJ | Genomic DNA |